Effect of fluoride on salivary immunoglobulins and sialic acid

Summary Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride on salivary immunoglobulin and sialic acid levels in children with dental fluorosis and healthy teeth who live in places with high fluoride concentration in drinking water. Method: Fifty-one (51) healthy children between 6 and 12 years old with no caries were randomly selected from primary schools enrolled in the dental-care program operated by the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The children were divided into two groups: group I comprised 26 children with dental fluorosis [Thylstrup-Fejerskov Dental Fluorosis Index (TFI) = 4] who lived in Isparta (2.7-2.8 ppm), and group II consisted of 25 children without dental fluorosis who were born in low-fluoride areas and had lived in Isparta for only the previous two years. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected and analyzed for fluoride, salivary immunoglobulins and sialic acid levels. Results: Sialic acid level was correlated negatively with age. Levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and secretory immunoglobulin G (sIgG) were higher in children with dental fluorosis compared with those in group II, although these differences were not significant. Conclusion: Increased sIgA and sIgG levels may arrest the progression of caries in subjects with dental fluorosis. Given the risks of dental fluorosis, further studies of the effects of different fluoride levels in drinking water on salivary composition of children with mixed dentition are needed to confirm the results of our study and to provide data for comparison.

Study of Serum Sialic Acid and Copper as Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The study aims to understand the relationship between increased serum levels of acute- phase reactants like Sialic Acid (SA) and transitional metals like Copper (Cu) which are indicated to be associated with the etiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its various chronic complications. Serum SA and Cu levels, measured colorimetrically using Ehrilch’s reagent and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) respectively among 30 cases each of type 2 DM with and without long-term complications, were significantly higher in all the cases compared to controls. The values are even higher in cases with complications, compared to diabetics without complications. Serum lipid profile was significantly altered in both the experimental groups. Serum SA and Cu levels are positively correlated to duration and degree of impaired glycemic status and altered lipid profile in type 2 DM. Measurement of these new serum markers can explain the inflammatory process, implicated towards the development of diabetic complications like cardiovascular diseases and microangiopathies thereby helping in early medical intervention.

Captación de ácido siálico por larvas de Ascaris lumbricoides durante incubación in vivo / Sialic acid capture by Ascaris lumbricoides larvae during in vivo incubation / Captação de ácido siálico por vermes de Ascaris lumbricoides durante incubação in vivo

La agregación eritrocitaria afecta la microcirculación y su estudio es importante en las vasculopatías. Se comunicó que Ascaris lumbricoides puede capturar ácido siálico (AS) del eritrocito y alterar la carga aniónica del glóbulo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la captación de AS por larvas de A. lumbricoides incubadas in vivo con eritrocitos. Se trabajó con un concentrado de larvas ([CLAL]) incubado en 4 tubos con buffer fosfato y antibióticos. En dos se agregaron eritrocitos Grupo O. Los restantes fueron controles. Se incubaron a 37 °C (5% CO2) durante 24 y 48 horas. Las larvas fueron separadas, recolectadas, concentradas y contadas microscópicamente (larvas/mL: [CLAL]1: 1500-1700; [CLAL]3 1600-1800; [CLAL]2 y 4: 200400). Se utilizaron las técnicas de Inhibición de la Agregación por Polibrene (IAP) y Alcian Blue (AB). La IAP mostró una diferencia significativa entre los Títulos de Polibrene diluido en solución fisiológica y en [CLAL]1 y 2 que fueron incubados con eritrocitos 24 y 48 horas respectivamente. No hubo variación en el Título de los Controles correspondientes ([CLAL]3 y [CLAL]4). AB realizada en [CLAL]1 y [CLAL]3, determinó CASCap%= 6,65% ± 0,36 y CAS[CLAL]3% = 0,67% ± 0,36. La experiencia demostró la captación de AS por las larvas incubadas in vivo con eritrocitos y sugirió que ellas no presentan AS intrínseco. El secuestro de AS durante la migración larvaria podría ser importante en la interacción parásito-hospedador.

Erythrocyte aggregation affects microcirculation and its study is important in vascular diseases. It was communicated that Ascaris lumbricoides can capture erythrocyte sialic acid (SA) and alter the anionic charge on the red cell. The aim of this work was to study SA capture by A. lumbricoides larvae incubated in vivo with erythrocytes. Work was performed with concentrated larvae ([ALLC]) incubated in 4 tubes with phosphate buffer and antibiotics. Group O erythrocytes were added in two Tubes. The remaining were Controls. They were incubated at 37 °C (5% CO2) for 24 and 28 hours. The larvae were separated, collected, concentrated and counted microscopically (larvae/mL: [ALLC]1:1500-1700; [ALLC]3: 1600-1800; [ALLC]2 and 4: 200- 400). Aggregation Inhibition by Polybrene (AIP) and Blue Alcian (BA) techniques were used. AIP showed a significant difference between Polybrene Titers diluted with physiological solution and with [ALLC]1 and 2, which were incubated with erythrocytes 24 and 48 hours respectively. There was no change in the Title of the corresponding Controls. BA performed in [ALLC]1 and [ALLC]3 determined CapSAC = 6.65% ± 0.36 and SAC[CLAL]3 %= 0.67% ± 0.36. The experience showed SA capture by larvae incubated in vivo with erythrocytes and it suggested that they have no intrinsic SA. SA kidnapping during the larval migration could be important in parasite-host interaction.

A agregação eritrocitária afeta a microcirculação e seu estudo é Importante nas vasculopatias. Foi comunicado que o Ascaris lumbricoides pode capturar ácido siálico (AS) do eritrocito e alterar a carga aniônica do glóbulo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a captação de AS por vermes de A. lumbricoides incubados in vivo com eritrocitos. Trabalhouse com uma concentração de larvas ([CLAL]) incubada em 4 tubos com buffer fosfato e antibióticos. Em dois foram agregados eritrocitos Grupo O. Os restantes foram controles. Foram incubados a 37 °C (5% CO2) durante 24 e 48 horas. As larvas foram separadas, coletadas, concentradas e contadas microscopicamente (larvas/mL: [CLAL]1: 1500-1700; [CLAL]3 1600-1800; [CLAL]2 e 4: 200-400). As técnicas utilizadas foram de Inibição da Agregação por Polybrene (IAP) e Alcian Blue (AB). A IAP mostrou uma diferenga significativa entre os Títulos de Polybrene diluido em solução fisiológica e em [CLAL]1 e 2 que foram incubados com eritrocitos 24 e 48 horas respectivamente. Näo houve variação no Título dos Controles correspondentes ([CLAL]3 e [CLAL]4). AB realizada em [CLAL]1 e [CLAL]3, determinou CASCap%= 6,65% ± 0,36 e CAS[CLAL]3% = 0,67% ± 0,36. A experiencia demons-trou a captação de AS pelos vermes incubados in vivo com eritrócitos e sugeriu que eles näo apresentam AS intrínseco. O sequestro de AS durante a migração de larvas poderia ser importante na interação parasita-hospedeiro.

Ascaris lumbricoides: alteration of the erythrocyte superficial charge using the Partition Method in aqueous two-phase system / Ascaris lumbricoides: alteración de la carga superficial eritrocitaria usando el Método de Partición en sistemas bifásicos acuosos

Sialic acid is responsible for the negative charge of the erythrocyte. The decrease of sialic acid has hemodynamical and hemorheological importance. The aim was to study the effect of A. lumbricoides on the erythrocyte superficial charge using the Partition Method in aqueous two-phase system in order to indirectly evaluate the alteration of sialic acid in the red cells. We worked with five parasite extracts (AE) and larvae concentrate (LC). Erythrocyte superficial charge was studied by working with non-treated (Controls) and treated erythrocytes. The treatment consisted of incubating the erythrocytes with AE or LC for 30 minutes at 4 ºC, 20 ºC and 37 ºC. The red cells were separated in a sensitive charge two-phase system (Dx/ PEG). The partition coefficient (P) of treated and untreated erythrocytes were calculated. The results showed a P decrease at the three temperatures for red cells treated with four of the AE. The remaining extract did change P values at any of the temperatures studied. The erythrocytes treated with LC showed a decrease in the P value at 37 ºC and 4 ºC but no change was observed at 25 ºC. Statistical analysis concluded that P values were significantly lower in treated erythrocytes than in their corresponding untreated ones (p < 0.05). The Partition Method showed that this parasite alters the erythrocyte superficial charge which may indicate that it can catch sialic acid.

La disminución de ácido sialico, responsable de la carga negativa del eritrocito, tiene importancia hemodinámica y hemorreológica. El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto de A. lumbricoides sobre la carga superficial eritrocitaria aplicando el método de partición en sistemas bifásicos acuosos, a los fines de evaluar de manera indirecta la alteración de acido sialico de los eritrocitos. Se trabajó con 5 extractos del parásito adulto (EA) y con un concentrado de larvas (500-600 larvas/mL) (CL). Se estudió la carga superficial eritrocitaria, trabajando con eritrocitos no tratados y tratados. El tratamiento consistió en la incubación de los eritrocitos con EA o CL durante 30 minutos a 4 ºC, 25 ºC y 37 ºC. Los eritrocitos fueron sometidos a la separación en un sistema bifásico carga sensible constituido por Dx / PEG. Se calculó el coeficiente de reparto (P), de los eritrocitos sin tratar y tratados. Los resultados mostraron disminución de P a las 3 temperaturas, en hematíes tratados con 4 de los EA. El EA restante no modificó los valores de P a ninguna de las temperaturas estudiadas. CL produjo la disminución de P a 37 ºC y 4 ºC, pero no se observó modificación a 25 ºC. Los análisis estadísticos concluyeron que los valores de P son significativamente menores en los eritrocitos tratados que en los respectivos eritrocitos sin tratar (p < 0.05). El método de partición demostró que A. lumbricoides altera la carga superficial eritrocitaria lo que indicaría que el parásito, tanto en su estado adulto como en sus fases larvales, puede captar acido sialico.

Association between dental-oral health in young adults and salivary glutathione, lipid peroxidation and sialic acid levels and carbonic anhydrase activity

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between salivary oxidative stress and dental-oral health. Healthy young adults, matched for gender and age, with (N = 21, 10 men, mean age: 20.3 ± 1 years) and without (N = 16, 8 men, mean age: 21.2 ± 1.8 years) caries were included in this study. The World Health Organization (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria were used for determining the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. The oral hygiene and gingival status were assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index and gingival index, respectively. Unstimulated salivary total protein, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation and total sialic acid levels, carbonic anhydrase activity, and salivary buffering capacity were determined by standard methods. Furthermore, salivary pH was measured with pH paper and salivary flow rate was calculated. Simplified oral hygiene index and gingival index were not significantly different between groups but DMFT scores were significant (P < 0.01). Only, GSH values were significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups (2.2 and 1.6 mg/g protein in young adults without caries and with caries, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between DMFT and GSH (r = -0.391; P < 0.05; Pearson's correlation coefficient). Our results suggest that there is an association between caries history and salivary GSH levels.

Evaluation of salivary sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar in oral cancer: a preliminary report.

AIM: Detection of cancer at the early stage is of utmost importance to decrease the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Apart from the conventional biopsy, noninvasive methods like analysis of saliva may provide a cost-effective approach for screening a large population. Thus, this study aimed to estimate salivary levels of sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar in the oral cancer patients and in healthy control group to evaluate their role in diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 30 healthy controls (Group I) and 30 squamous cell carcinoma patients (group II). Estimations of salivary levels of sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar were performed. This was correlated histopathologically with the grades of carcinoma. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS: The Student's ' t ' test and multivariate regression analysis were performed. The results showed that salivary levels of total protein, total sugar, protein-bound sialic acid, and free sialic acid were significantly higher in oral cancer patients compared to those of normal healthy controls ( P values in all the results were less than 0.001). The salivary free sialic acid levels were found to be significantly higher in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma than in moderately differentiated carcinoma ( P < 0.001). However, protein-bound sialic acid, total proteins, and total sugars did not show any statistical significance between well and moderately differentiated carcinomas. CONCLUSION: Biochemical analysis of saliva can be used in early detection of cancer and is best correlated with histopathological degree of squamous cell carcinoma.

Alguns parâmetros salivares em crianças de 18, 30 e 42 meses de idade que recebem atençäo odontológica precoce / Some salivary factors in 18, 30 and 42 months-old children attending to a educative-preventive dental program since the first year of life

A colonizaçäo por bactérias cariogênicas na dentiçäo decídua, que acontece na primeira infância, é influenciada por alguns fatores salivares. Neste estudo, compararam-se alguns fatores salivares, que podem interferir neste processo, tais como: fluxo näo estimulado, capacidade tampäo, atividade da amilase e concentraçäo de proteínas e ácido siálico em 94 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades de 18, 30 e 42 meses, pacientes da Bebê-Clínica/UEL. Foi observado que o fluxo slivar näo estimulado das crianças de 30 e 42 meses é significativamente maior do que das de 18 meses, näo sendo detectadas diferenças entre os sexos. Em relaçäo à capacidade tampäo, a faixa mais forte de tamponamento detectada foi a de pH6,9-6,0, a qual suportava aproximadamente o dobro de ácido que as demais (pHi-7,0 e pH,9-5,0), sendo que a dos meninos era significativamente maior. O mesmo aconteceu quando se analisava uma faixa de tamponamento mais ampla pHi-5,0. Os resultados da concentraçäo de proteína foi semelhante em todos os grupos. A atividade da amilase aumentou significativamente dos 18 para os 30 meses, sem diferenças determinadas pelos sexos. O ácido siálico apresentou uma correlaçäo negativa com o fluxo e sua concentraçäo no grupo de 42 meses era significativamente menor que aos 18 e 30 meses. Os resultados indicaram que a primeira infância é uma fase em que ocorrem drásticas mudanças no perfil salivar e que mais estudos säo necessários para se conhecer melhor como estas acontecem

Characteristics of proteoglycans of buffalo ovarian follicular fluid during maturation of follicles.

The proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of buffalo ovarian follicular fluid (FF) have been studied in small (2-4.9 mm), medium (5-9.9 mm) and large (> or = 10 mm) follicles. GAGs in different categories of follicles were isolated, assayed and analysed. On the basis of hexosamine analysis, glucosamine accounted for all the free GAGs in FF of small and medium follicles. No free GAG was found in large follicles. The concentration of GAGs in the form of PGs decreased significantly with follicular maturation. Qualitative analysis of GAGs from PGs showed higher galactosamine than glucosamine. The ratios of GalNH2:GluNH2 and neutral sugars were highest in small follicles followed by medium and large follicles. On the other hand, the percentage of sialic acid in GAGs was highest in large follicles followed by medium and small follicles. The fractionation of PGs by gel filtration indicated the presence of two types of PGs in buffalo ovarian FF. Difference in distribution of two types of PGs in small and large follicles was also noted.

clinical value of CA15-3, ferritin and silica acid in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with breast cancer disease

In normal control subjects, mean values of the tumour markers CA 15-3, ferritin, and sialic acid were 18.7 +/- 1.2, 58.8'6.9 and 2. 1 +/- 0.08 respectively. In patients with metastatic breast cancer, the mean values of these tumour markers were significantly elevated [P < 0.05] by 3. 1, 13 and 29 folds over the normal values respectively. Also a significant elevation [2,4.5 and 2 folds] was observed in the preoperative blood samples of patients with primary breast malignancy. The sensitivity of these three tumour markers was 100% in metastatic breast cancer group. while their sensitivities in primary breast cancer were 54% for CA 15-3, 57% for ferritin and 81% for siallic acid. The tumour marker CA 15-3 showed the best specifity for normal control subjects and for benign breast tumours [100%], Ferritin and siallic acid showed 95% and 67% specificities for bengin breast conditions. Therefore, CA 15-3 proved to be the best single tumour marker which helps in the diagnosis of breast malignancy. However, a combination of CA 15-3 and sialic acid was a better diagnostic aid because they compromise high sensitivity and good specificity. In the follow up study, the circulatoiy level of all three tumour markers changed in correlation with clinical course of the disease. Furthermore, their elevation was an alarm for failure in response to therapy or for recurrence; it appears at least 4 months before any clinical signs